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Electrical Fast Transient Testing - Standard and Methodology
When a circuit is switched off, the current flowing through the switch is interrupted instantaneously. At the instantaneous of switching, an infinite dI/dt is generated. Some types of load, such as motors or solenoids, have considerably inductance. The voltage developed across an inductance L by a changing current I is
V = -L · dI/dt
If dI/dt is infinite, then this implies an infinitely high voltage. In reality, it doesn’t happen because the rate of the rise of voltage is limited by stray or intentional circuit capacitance. Even so, a high instantaneous voltage, added to the circuit operating voltage, does appear across the opening switch contacts. This causes the air gap across the contacts to break down, and a current flows again, which collapses the voltage spike, so that the briefly formed arc extinguishes. But this re-interrupts the current, so another voltage spike appears, creating a further arc. This process repeats itself until the air gap is large enough to sustain the applied voltage without breakdown, at which point the circuit can be said to be properly switched off. The visible effect is a brief spark between the contacts, which actually consists of a whole series of microsparks, the so-called "showering arc", whose repetition rate and amplitude depend on the circuit and switch parameters. The I(t) and v(t) inherent in each spark event propagate along the circuit wiring.
If this is a mains circuit, this burst of noise can appear at other points of
connection to the mains distribution ring. Also since the pulses are very fast –
of the order of nanoseconds – they couple effectively to other wiring in close
proximity to the circuit wiring. Voltage peaks, typically of hundreds but
occasionally thousands of volts, appear on any such coupled circuits. Figure below shows this phenomena.
Effect Of Electrical Fast Transient It is possible for the transients to be coupled into a nearby electronics device by inductive coupling but, generally, they enter the product via the cable connections. On signal ports, the spikes are almost invariably in common mode, i.e. on all wires (or on the screen) at the same amplitude with respect to external earth. On the mains port, they may appear either in common mode or differentially between phases. Common mode coupling includes the protective earth wire. Poor filtering or inadequate screen termination on each interface then lets these transients pass into the electronic circuits where they appear as interfering signals at sensitive nodes. As with other types of transient, digital circuits tend to be more susceptible, since each short pulse can appear as a valid digital signal. Occurring in bursts, there is a higher probability that one or more pulses will coincide with a critical timing edge. However, analogue circuits can also be affected, typically by saturation of sensitive amplifiers. Pulse counting circuits are also susceptible if the burst masquerades as a real input.
Design Practice to Minimise Electrical Fast Transient Effect In order to minimise the effect of electrical fast transient on electonics devices, the following steps should be adhered strictly to: a) Internal circuit design is bandwidth limited wherever possible, and the PCB layout prevents large interference voltages from appearing within the circuit; b) Interfaces must be filtered or screened to a structural low impedance earth so that common mode pulses are prevented from entering the circuit.
Electrical Fast Transient Testing Using IEC 61000-4-4 Standard
IEC 61000-4-4 basic standard for testing fast transient immunity. It applies a specified burst waveform via a defined coupling network to the mains connection and via a defined clamp device to any signal connection. Only conducted coupling is used. Choice of ports for the application of the burst depends on the instructions in the product standard being used, but it is generally applied to AC and DC power ports and to signal and control ports that may be connected to cables longer than 3m. There are many accreditated test labs around which will be able to provide the Electrical Fast Transient test according to IEC 61000-4-4 specifications for a fee. Make sure that the labs are accreditated before you embark in testing your products otherwise the test results may not be recognized by the approval bodies. Electrical Fast Transient Waveforms The burst waveform definitions are shown in figure below. To standardise the test, the
waveshape, number of pulses, their frequency and the burst length and repetition
frequency are all specified. It should be understood that these specifications are
explicitly not representative of real life which, as mentioned earlier, sees pulse
repetition rates in the hundreds of kHz. Instead, they represent the lowest common
denominator of what is achievable and repeatable in test generators. It is possible to
program most generators for other values and this may be helpful when you are
testing your products for their immunity to real (variable) bursts.
The source impedance of the generator is required to be 50? and the waveform is
calibrated into a 50? load and, in the future, according to a new amendment, also
into 1000?. The load impedance presented by the Equipment Under Test is unknown and may be
anything from a near short circuit, for a screened cable port on an Equipment Under Test that is well
earthed, to a near open circuit for an unscreened port with a series common-mode
choke at the interface. Therefore, the actual voltage that appears between the EUT
port and the ground plane is similarly unpredictable. The aim of the new amendment
is that the waveform of the burst pulse should not change between different
generators and different EUTs. 
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